Abstract The evolutionary history of the Lamniformes (mackerel sharks) has traditionally been characterized by a Late Cretaceous radiation of gigantism, culminating in the massive predators of the Cenomanian and Turonian stages. However, a significant paleontological discovery from the Darwin Formation in the Northern Territory of Australia has fundamentally altered this timeline. The recovery of five associated vertebral centra, identified as belonging to a massive cardabiod

Abstract The precipitous global decline of elasmobranch populations, driven largely by overexploitation and habitat degradation, has necessitated a critical re-evaluation of marine conservation strategies. While Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are touted as the primary tool for biodiversity recovery, their effectiveness varies dramatically based on enforcement, location, and design. A landmark 2025 study led by the Charles Darwin Foundation and National Geographic Pristine Seas